Which component directly affects a car's ability to absorb impact during a collision?

The bumper plays a critical role in a vehicle's ability to absorb impact during a collision. It is specifically designed to minimize damage during low-speed impacts and to protect other vital components of the car, including the frame and the engine. The bumper typically consists of materials that can compress and deform upon impact, effectively absorbing energy and reducing the force transmitted to the passengers inside the vehicle.

While the engine does contribute to the overall structure and weight of the vehicle, it is not designed specifically to prevent or mitigate impact forces. Similarly, the tires are essential for handling, traction, and stability, but they do not absorb impact in the way that bumpers are designed to do. Windows, on the other hand, are primarily for visibility and do not play a role in impact absorption at all. Thus, the bumper is the designated component that directly influences how well a car can absorb impact in the event of a collision.